现在完成时的结构

现在完成时的基本构成方式是用动词have加上过去分词，它是用来表达过去发生事情的另一种方式。肯定句是主语+have/has+动词的过去分词+宾语，否定句是主语+have/has+not+动词的过去分词+宾语，一般疑问句是Have/Has+主语+动词的过去分词+宾语。

现在完成时(The Present Perfect Tense)是过去的动作或状态持续到现在，对现在造成的影响，可能持续发生下去。在英语时态中，“时”指动作发生的时间，“态”指动作的样子和状态。

完成时态的构成分为两部分：一是助动词，二是实义动词的过去分词-ed。具体来说，用助动词have/has表示“时”，以表明动作发生的时间是在过去、现在还是将来；用过去分词来表示动作的“态”，以表明该动作已经完成，而且对现在有一定的影响。

现在完成时的基本定义：过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响；过去的动作或状态持续到现在并且已经完成或可能持续下去；现在完成时表示将来。



现在完成时的结构

基本结构：主语+have/has+过去分词(done)

①肯定句：主语+have/has+时间状语+过去分词+其他.

②否定句：主语+have/has+not+过去分词+其他.

③一般疑问句：Have/Has+主语+过去分词+其他.

④特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词或词组+一般疑问句（have/has+主语+过去分词+其他）？

5.主语+have/

has+just+过去分词

6.主语+have

/has+过去分词+for+时间

定义：在过去不确定的时间里发生的动作，但是结果对现在有影响。但过去分词一定要选择准确。

现在完成时态的结构

现在完成时由“have/has+过去分词”构成，主要有两个含义：①表示动作发生在过去，对现在有影响，有时无时间状语，有时和一些表示不确定的过去时间状语连用，如：many times，just，yet，ever，never，already，before，so far, by now等连用。②表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在并还可能继续延续下去的动作，用于延续性动词，且句中常带有表示一段时间的时间状语，如：since + 时间点/从句，for two months, so far等。二 、1）现在完成时和一般过去时都能表示过去发生过的动作，但现在完成时表示过去动作对现在的影响，并且表示这一动作已完成或还可能继续下去；2）而一般过去时与现在的情况没有联系，仅表示过去的动作，且这一动作到说话时已终止。因此现在完成时不能与表示明确的过去时间如：in1949，yesterday，last week等的状语连用，并且用when或where对这些时间和地点状语提问时，一般只用一般过去时。 在“it is the first/ that...。”或在“it/this/that is the +最高级+名词+that...。”结构中，that从句中的动词常用现在完成时；表示到说话时为止动作发生过几次。在“it + be...+since从句”这一结构中，be可用一般现在时或现在完成时，since从句一般用过去时。have/has/had +been +动词的现在进行时。 1）过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是result (结果）。2）过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。一般过去时的时间状语:yesterday, last week，…ago, in1980, just now, 具体的时间状语共同的时间状语:this morning, tonight, this April, now, once，before, already, recently，lately现在完成时的时间状语for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till / until, up to now, in past years, always,不确定的时间状语3）现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。举例：I saw this film yesterday.（强调看的动作发生过了。）I have seen this film.（强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了。）Why did you get up so early?（强调起床的动作已发生过了。）Who hasn't handed in his paper?（强调有卷子，可能为不公平竞争。）She has returned from Paris.她已从巴黎回来了。She returned yesterday.她是昨天回来了。He has been in the League for three years.(在团内的状态可延续)He has been a League member for three years.(是团员的状态可持续)He joined the League three years ago.( 三年前入团，joined为短暂行为。)I have finished my homework now.---Will somebody go and get Dr. White?---He's already been sent for.句子中如有过去时的时间副词（如 yesterday, last, week, in 1960）时，不能使用现在完成时，要用过去时。（错）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.（对）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night. 1）It is the first / second time…. that…结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。It is the first time that I have visited the was the third time that the boy had been late.2）This is the… that…结构，that从句要用现在完成时 is the best film that I've (ever) seen.这是我看过的最好的电影。This is the first time (that) I've heard him sing.这是我第一次听他唱歌。 ---No, this is the first time I ___ here. was B. have been C. came D. am coming 答案B. This is the first time 后面所加从句应为现在完成时，故选B。---No, it's the first time I ___ here. even, come B. even, have come C. ever, come D. ever, have come 答案D. ever意为曾经或无论何时，反意词为never，此两词常用于完成时。 This is the largest fish I have ever seen. It is / was the first time +that-clause 的句型中，从句要用完成时。注意：非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。（错）I have received his letter for a month.（对）I haven't received his letter for almost a month.比较since和forSince 用来说明动作起始时间，for用来说明动作延续时间长度。I have lived here for more than twenty years.I have lived here since I was aunt has worked in a clinic since new oilfields have been opened up since 1976.I have known Xiao Li since she was a little brother has been in the Youth League for two years.I have not heard from my uncle for a long time.注意：并非有for 作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。I worked here for more than twenty years.(我现在已不在这里工作。)I have worked here for many years.(现在我仍在这里工作

现在完成时句子结构？

肯定句：主语+have/has+过去分词

否定句：主语+have/has not +过去分词

疑问句：Have/Has+主语+过去分词

7. 现在完成时

(1) 现在完成时的句型结构

①肯定句：主语+ have/has+ 过去分词

②否定句：主语+ have/has+ not+过去分词

③疑问句：Have/Has +主语+过去分词

(2) 现在完成时的用法

①表示到目前为止曾经有过的或未曾有过的经历和体验。常和never, ever, several times等连用。

如：

I’ve never been to Africa.

Have you ever been to Tokyo?

I’ve been there three times.

②. 表示某动作从过去开始，现在刚刚完成，对现在有一定的影响。常与just, already, yet, so far等词语连用。

如：

He has just finished his new book.

注意：just now用于过去时。

③.表示某动作从过去开始，一直持续到现在，可能还会持续下去。通常与 for或since连用。

如：I have lived in Qingdao for 6

years. /since 6 years ago/since 2003/

since I came to this city.

It is/has been …+ since….

It’s been seven years since we last saw each other.

It’s six years since he was a teacher.

注意:for+一段时间，since后接一个过去的时间点或一般过去时的句子。 ④ 在表将来的时间状语和条件状语从句中代替将来完成时。

如：

You can go home when you have

finished your work.

比较：You can go home when you

finish your work.

(3) 过去分词的构成

① 一般情况下在动词词尾后直接加-ed。

如：

listen-listened, talk-talked

② 以不发音的字母e结尾的动词，直接加-d。

1/2

如：

live-lived, hope-hoped

③ 以辅音字母加y接尾的动词，y变i，再加-ed.

如：

worry-worried, hurry-hurried

④ 以重读闭音节结尾，且结尾只有一个辅音字母的动词，双写辅音字母，再加-ed。

如：

drop-dropped, plan-planned, stop-stopped

⑤ 不规则变化

如：

cut-cut-cut, come-came-come

begin-began-begun, lend-lent-lent

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