什么是希特勒

Hitler, Adolf

纳粹德国的独裁者（1933～1945）。生於奥地利，在维也纳的艺术生涯并不成功，1913年迁居慕尼黑。在第一次世界大战中他是德国军队中的士兵，受过伤，也遭到过毒气。战後，他对战败与和平条款很反感，加入了慕尼黑的德国工党（1919）。1920年他成为更名後的国家社会党（或叫纳粹党）的宣传部长，1921年成为该党的领袖。他开始使用不断的宣传来发起群众运动。该党快速成长，在1923年的啤酒店暴动时达到了高潮，而他为此在监狱中服刑九个月，在狱中他开始撰写恶毒的自传《我的奋斗》。他把种族之间的不平等视为自然的制度，他高抬「雅利安族」，同时提出反犹太主义、反共产主义和极端的德意志民族主义。1929年的经济衰退又恢复了他的权力。在1930年的国会选举中，纳粹党变成全国第二大党，到1932年就成为最大的党了。1932年希特勒竞选总统失败，但他通过阴谋获得了合法权力。1933年兴登堡邀请他担任总理大臣。采用「领袖」头衔後，他藉「授权法案」获取了独裁的权力，并在希姆莱和戈培尔的帮助下压制反对派。希特勒还开始采取反犹太的措施，导致了一场大屠杀。他的侵略性的外交政策促成了「慕尼黑协定」的签订。他与墨索里尼结成罗马-柏林轴心。1939年签订的「德苏互不侵犯条约」使他能够放心地入侵波兰，揭开了第二次世界大战的序幕。在战争初期得胜後，他常常会忽略将领们的意见而遭到顶撞。1945年面临战败时，他在柏林的一处地下室掩体里与爱娃.布劳恩结婚。第二天，两人双双自杀身亡。

1889～1945年

Hitler, Adolf

Dictator of Nazi Germany (1933-45). Born in Austria, he had little success as an artist in Vienna before moving to Munich in 1913. As a soldier in the German army in World War I, he was wounded and gassed. After the war, resentful about defeat and the peace terms, he joined the German Workers' Party in Munich (1919). In 1920 he became head of propaganda for the renamed National Socialists, or Nazi Party, and in 1921 party leader. He set out to create a mass movement, using unrelenting propaganda. The party's rapid growth climaxed in the Beer Hall Putsch (1923), for which he served nine months in prison; there he started to write his virulent autobiography, Mein Kampf. Regarding inequality between races as part of the natural order, he exalted the “Aryan race” while propounding anti-Semitism, anticommunism, and extreme German nationalism. The economic slump of 1929 renewed his power. In the Reichstag elections of 1930 the Nazis became the country's second-largest party, and in 1932 the largest. Hitler ran for president in 1932 and lost, but he entered into intrigues to gain legitimate power, and in 1933 Paul von Hindenburg invited him to be chancellor. Adopting the title of Führer (“Leader”), he gained dictatorial powers by the Enabling Act and suppressed opposition with assistance from Heinrich Himmler and Joseph Goebbels. Hitler also began to enact anti-Jewish measures, leading to the Holocaust. His aggressive foreign policy led to the signing of the Munich agreement. He became allied with Benito Mussolini in the Rome-Berlin Axis. The German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact (1939) enabled him to invade Poland, precipitating World War II. After early successes in the war, he often ignored his generals and met dissent with ruthlessness. As defeat grew imminent in 1945, he married Eva Braun in an underground bunker in Berlin, and the next day they committed suicide.