什么是腓特烈二世

Frederick II

德语作Friedrich

西西里国王（1197～1250）、士瓦本公爵（1228～1235）、德意志国王（1212～1250）和神圣罗马帝国皇帝（1220～1250）。红胡子腓特烈之孙。三岁时加冕为西西里国王，但直到1212年，国家纷争解除後，才取得掌控权。1214年击败他的对手奥托四世。西西里和德意志的计画联盟使教宗不安。对方通过谈判订立妥协方案，腓特烈加冕为神圣罗马帝国皇帝。第六次十字军东征的延期启程被绝罚（1227），後来他所受的绝罚被赦免。1229年加冕为耶路撒冷国王。腓特烈返回德意志，然後突然袭击义大利，击败伦巴底联盟。教宗格列高利九世在宗教和政治问题上极不信任腓特烈，於1239年第二次将他绝罚。他率兵进入教廷国。腓特烈同新教宗英诺森四世开始谈判。1244年废黜了腓特烈皇帝。於是，双方展开激烈的斗争。到腓特烈死时，丧失了义大利中部的大片领土，在德意志也失去了支持。

1194～1250年

Frederick II

King of Sicily (1197-1250), duke of Swabia (1228-35), German king (1212-50), and Holy Roman Emperor (1220-50). The grandson of Frederick I Barbarossa, he became king of Sicily at age 3 but did not gain control over the strife-ridden country until 1212. He defeated his rival Otto IV in 1214, and though the planned union of Sicily and Germany alarmed the pope (1220), he negotiated a compromise and was crowned emperor. A delay in departing for the Sixth Crusade brought excommunication (1227), later revoked. By 1229 Frederick was king of Jerusalem. On his return he quelled a rebellion in Germany led by his son Henry, who had allied with the lombard League. Seeing Frederick as a growing threat to papal authority, Gregory IX excommunicated him again in 1239; the emperor responded by invading the Papal States. He tried and failed (1245) to negotiate peace with Innocent IV, and his struggle with the papacy continued. By the time of his death Frederick had lost much of central Italy, and his support in Germany was uncertain.