什么是卢梭

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques

瑞士裔法国哲学家。1728年从日内瓦逃往义大利，旅行多年，1741年定居於巴黎。为狄德罗的《百科全书》撰写音乐和经济学部分。卢梭发表《论科学与艺术》（1750），断言人类已被社会与文明腐化和奴役，虽然社会和文明本质上不是恶，但因越发错综复杂而变得愈有害。这一观念随着卢梭对它的不断发展终使他与保守和激进两派分道扬镳。他的轻歌剧《乡村卜者》（1752）虽是未经正统训练写成的作品，仍获得长期成功并因而使卢梭成名。《论人类不平等起源及其基础》（1754）抨击私有财产。《社会契约论》（1762）争论说若公民社会或国家能建立在一种真正的社会契约论的基础上，人们就会以其独立自主换取更大的自由。该作品成为法国大革命的基础，虽然社会契约论看似长期支持极权政体和激进民主。小说《爱弥儿》表达他对教育的观点，在接下来的世纪有广泛的影响，但出版该书引起的争论迫使卢梭逃往瑞士。约1767年出现精神不稳定的症状，因发疯而去世。《忏悔录》（出版於1781～1788年）为所有最着名自传的其中之一。

1712～1778年

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques

Swiss-French philosopher. He ran away from Geneva to Italy in 1728, traveled for years, and settled in Paris in 1741. He wrote on music and economics for Denis Diderot's Encyclopédie. His Discourse on the Arts and Sciences (1750) asserted that humans had been corrupted and enslaved by society and civilization, which, though not inherently bad, had become increasingly harmful with their growing sophistication—an idea to which he returned throughout his life and which set him apart from both conservatives and radicals. His light opera Le devin du village (1752) had a long-running success, despite its naive music, and made him famous. His Discourse on the Origin and Foundations of Inequality Among Men (1754) attacked private property. His Social Contract (1762) argued that if a civil society, or state, could be based on a genuine social contract, people would receive in exchange for their natural independence a better kind of freedom. The work became the basic text of the French Revolution, though it has long been seen to support totalitarian regimes as well as radical democracy. His novel émile expressed his ideas on education, and became widely influential over the following century, but the controversy its publication aroused forced him to flee to Switzerland. He began showing signs of mental instability c. 1767, and he died insane. His Confessions (published 1781-88) is one of the most famous of all autobiographies.