什么是叔本华

Schopenhauer, Arthur

德国哲学家。父为银行家和小说家，曾学习好几个领域的知识，後来获得哲学学位。他把《奥义书》同柏拉图和康德的作品结合为自己哲学系统的基础，是形上学理论的基本组成部分和对黑格尔理想主义的反应。他的着作《意志和表象的世界》（1819）由两个系列的反应组成，包括了自然知识和哲学的理论、美学和道德观。他从精神和理性转向本能、创造力和非理性，影响了（一部分是通过尼采）生命主义、生命哲学、存在主义和人类学的理念和方法。其他的作品还包括《以自然的意志》（1836）、《道德的两个主要问题》（1841）和《哲学小品》（1851）。叔本华是一个郁郁寡欢、孤独的人，其作品使他博得「悲观主义哲学家」绰号。

1788～1860年

Schopenhauer, Arthur

German philosopher. Son of a banker and a novelist, he studied in several fields before earning his doctorate in philosophy. He regarded the Upanishads, together with the works of Plato and Immanuel Kant, as the foundation of his philosophical system, and was primarily important as the exponent of a metaphysical doctrine of the will in immediate reaction against the idealism of G. W. F. Hegel. His magnum opus, The World as Will and Representation (1819), consists of two comprehensive series of reflections that include successively the theory of knowledge and the philosophy of nature, aesthetics, and ethics. His turning from spirit and reason to the powers of intuition, creativity, and the irrational, affected (partly via Friedrich Nietzsche) the ideas and methods of vitalism, life philosophy, existentialism, and anthropology. His other works include On the Will in Nature (1836), The Two Main Problems of Ethics (1841), and Parerga und Paralipomena (1851). An unhappy and solitary man, his works earned him the sobriquet “the philosopher of pessimism.”.