什么是布兰戴斯

Brandeis, Louis (Dembitz)

美国法官，生於肯塔基州的路易斯维。布兰戴斯的父母是波希米亚犹太人移民。他先在路易斯维和和德国的学校学习，1877年在哈佛大学法律学院取得学位。後在波士顿执律师业（1877～1916），在律师界，由於他代表那些通常得不到如此优异辩护的人们的权益，布兰戴斯被称为「人民的律师」。他为数州规定最高工时和最低工资的法令进行辩护，认为这些法令并不违反宪法；为劳工阶级订定储蓄银行的人寿保险计画；还加强政府反托拉斯权力。他的工作促使1914年「克莱顿反托拉斯法」和「联邦贸易委员会法」的通过。他设计了一种至今仍被称为「布兰代斯辩护要点」的文件，把经济的和社会的资料、历史的经验和专家的意见整理编辑出来，以支持法律上的主张。1916年被任命为最高法院大法官。他以专注在言论自由的主张而着名。在大多数重要的有争议的问题上，布兰戴斯都和他的同事小霍姆兹意见一致，并且常常是居於少数。但是在新政时期，他们的许多异议主张都被最高法院认可。他是第一位犹太裔大法官，曾受到很多工商业利益集团和反犹分子的激烈反对。直到1939年他才退休。布兰戴斯大学就是以他命名的。

1856～1941年

Brandeis, Louis (Dembitz)

U.S. jurist. He was born in Louisville, Ky., the son of Bohemian Jewish immigrants, and attended schools in Kentucky and Germany before obtaining his law degree from Harvard (1877). As a lawyer in Boston (1877-1916), he was known as “the people's attorney” for his defense of the constitutionality of several state hours-and-wages laws, his devising of a savings-bank life-insurance plan for working people, and his efforts to strengthen the government's antitrust power. His work influenced passage in 1914 of the Clayton Anti-Trust Act and the Federal Trade Commission Act. He also developed what came to be called the “Brandeis brief,” in which economic and sociological data, historical material, and expert opinion are marshaled to support a legal argument. Appointed to the U.S. Supreme Court (1916), he was noted for his devotion to freedom of speech. Many of his minority opinions, in which he was often aligned with Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., later were accepted by the Court in the New Deal era. His appointment as the first Jewish justice was vigorously opposed by some business interests and anti-Semitic groups. He served until 1939. Brandeis Univ. is named for him.