什么是马可.奥勒利乌斯

Marcus Aurelius

全名Caesar Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus，原名Marcus Annius Verus。

罗马皇帝（161～180）。出生於富贵之家，哈德良安排由未来的皇帝安东尼.庇护收养他和韦鲁斯。皇帝抚育马可成人，并指定其为自己的继承人。马可就职後，仍然和同朝皇帝其义弟分掌大权，尽管大多数情况下由他定夺。在他统治期间，战乱不断，所有的边界都受到外来侵略的威胁。反抗安息（162～166）的战争取得胜利，但是回来的军队带给罗马毁灭性的瘟疫。同时日耳曼人也开始入侵，罗马人士气低落；日耳曼人被击退，但韦鲁斯战死沙场（169）。177年马可立自己的儿子康茂德为同朝皇帝。尽管他性格温和，博学多才，马克反对基督教，并迫害基督教徒。其关於斯多噶哲学的《沈思录》被看作是人类最重要的书籍之一，阐述了他自己的全部宗教观和道德价值。其统治时期成为罗马黄金时代的标志。

121～180年

Marcus Aurelius

Roman emperor (161-80). He was born into a wealthy and prominent family, and Hadrian arranged that he and Lucius Verus be adopted by the designated future emperor Antoninus Pius, who dutifully groomed Marcus as his heir. On his accession, Marcus nevertheless shared power with his adoptive brother as coemperor, though he himself remained the more dominant. His reign was marked by numerous military crises, all the major frontiers being threatened by invasion. Struggles against the Parthians (162-66) were successful, but returning troops brought a devastating plague to Rome. With a concurrent German invasion, Roman morale declined; the Germans were repulsed, but Verus died during the campaign (169). Marcus made his son Commodus coemperor in 177. Though a man of gentle character and wide learning, Marcus opposed Christianity and supported persecution of its adherents. His Meditations on Stoicism, considered one of the great books of all times, gives a full picture of his religious and moral values. His reign is often thought to mark the Golden Age of Rome.