什么是哥德式建筑

欧洲的建筑风格，从12世纪中期持续到16世纪，特别指以大片墙壁隔开的洞穴式空间、墙壁上镶饰窗花格为特徵的砖石建筑风格。12～13世纪期间，工程上的技术造就了越来越庞大的建筑物。藉着拱顶肋、飞扶垛和尖拱（哥德式），使建造极高结构而尽量保持自然光的问题得以解决；彩绘玻璃窗条造成令人惊讶的室内光斑效果。最早把这些元素合为单一连贯风格的建筑物之一是巴黎圣但尼的大修道院（1135年～1144）。由沙特尔大教堂为先驱的哥德式盛期（1250年～1300年）受到法国支配，特别是辐射式风格的发展。英国、德国、西班牙产生了这种风格的变体，而义大利哥德式在使用砖块和大理石而非石头方面与众不同。哥德式晚期（15世纪）建筑在德国的拱形厅堂式教堂中达到高峰。其他哥德式晚期风格包括英国的垂直式风格和法国、西班牙的火焰式风格。

Gothic architecture

Architectural style in Europe that lasted from the mid-12th century to the 16th century, particularly a style of masonry building characterized by cavernous spaces with the expanse of walls broken up by overlaid tracery. In the 12th-13th century, feats of engineering permitted increasingly gigantic buildings. Solutions to the problem of building a very tall structure while preserving as much natural light as possible were the rib vault, flying buttress, and pointed (Gothic) arch. Stained-glass window panels rendered startling sun-dappled interior effects. One of the earliest buildings to combine these elements into a coherent style was the abbey of Saint-Denis, Paris (c. 1135-44). The High Gothic years (c. 1250-1300), heralded by Chartres Cathedral, were dominated by France, especially with the development of the Rayonnant style. Britain, Germany, and Spain produced variations of this style, while Italian Gothic stood apart in its use of brick and marble rather than stone. Late Gothic (15th-century) architecture reached its heights in Germany's vaulted hall churches. Other late Gothic styles include the British Perpendicular style and the French and Spanish Flamboyant style.